考资料
后备牛培育是牧场花费较大的一项工作,预计占到了牧场总生产成本的20%,并且培育成本随着首次产犊月龄的增加而增加(图1;Pirlo等,2000)。适当降低后备牛首次产犊月龄能够降低后备牛培育成本,增加其盈利的时间。而首次产犊月龄与难产、产奶量、乳成分以及繁殖性能等都有关系,因此,选择合适的产犊时间是非常重要的。本篇技术简报着重介绍首次产犊月龄与产奶量的关系。
▲图1.后备牛培育成本(来自Pirlo等,2000)
▲图2.产犊月龄对头胎产奶量和乳成分的影响(Pirlo等,2000;─产奶量,---乳脂率,— — —乳蛋白率)
由图2可以看出,随着产犊月龄增加,头胎产奶量和乳脂肪含量逐渐增加,乳蛋白含量逐渐降低(Pirlo等,2000;意大利)。产犊月龄似乎对月龄较小的后备牛来说影响更大,产犊时间从36月龄降到29月龄时,产奶量和乳蛋白变化相对来说较小,而从29月龄降到24月龄时,两者受影响更大。产犊月龄对乳蛋白和乳脂肪的影响不同,可能与不同月龄后备牛采食和消化精粗饲料不同有关。
▲图3.首次产犊月龄对头胎产奶量的影响(来自Mohd Nor等,2013)
▲图4.首次产犊月龄对头胎产奶量的影响(Nilforooshan和Edriss,2004)
▲图5.首次产犊月龄与奶牛终生产奶量的关系(Mayer,2004)
▲图6.首次产犊时间对头胎产奶量的影响(Eastham等,2018)
▲图7.首次产犊时间对终生产奶量的影响(Eastham等,2018)
▲表1.首次产犊时间与头胎以及终生产奶量的关系(来自Sawa等,2019)
▲图8.首次产犊月龄和牧场效益的关系(Pirlo等,2000; ■收入;□培育成本)
考资料
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